Chess: Centre Ages Reborn

Chess originated in India, where its early form in the 6th century was chaturanga, which translates as "four divisions of the military" â " infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots, represented respectively by pawn, knight, bishop, and rook. In Persia enclosing 600 the name became shatranj and the rules were developed further. Shatranj was taken up by the Muslim earth after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish "shatranj" was rendered as ajedrez and in Greek as zatrikion, but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shÄ h ("king").


Knights Templar playing chess, Libro de los juegos, 1283.The entertainment reached Western Europe and Russian federation by at least three routes, the earliest continuance in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe. Introduced into the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it was described in a noted 13th century manuscript covering shatranj, backgammon, and dice named the Libro de los juegos.

Another theory, championed by David H. Li, contends that chess arose from the merriment xiangqi, or at least a predecessor thereof, existing in China owing to the 2nd century BC.

Sorrounding 1200, rules of shatranj started to be modified in southern Europe, and approximately 1475, several exceeding changes rendered the game essentially as it is avowed today. These modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted in Italy and in Spain. Pawns gained the option of advancing two squares on their antecedent move, while bishops and queens acquired their latest abilities. This made the queen the most able piece; consequently present chess was referred to as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess". These distinct rules quickly spread throughout western Europe, with the exception of the rules approximately stalemate, which were finalized in the early nineteenth century.

This was as well the time when chess started to prosper a corpus of theory. The oldest preserved printed chess book, Repeticion de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez (Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess) by Spanish sexton Luis Ramirez de Lucena was published in Salamanca in 1497. Lucena and next masters like Portuguese Pedro Damiano, Italians Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona, Giulio Cesare Polerio and Gioachino Greco or Spanish bishop Ruy Lopez de Segura developed elements of openings and started to analyse picnic endgames.



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